Damian Sendler knows how violence, disasters, accidents, and war are also stressful events for the community. Consequently, the impact of traumatic events goes beyond those who are directly exposed to the development and affects close relationships, the social environment, and the society at large. A human being does not live in a vacuum. Others surround him or her. And those others will be confronted with the traumatic event and its aftermath too. This holds for a fact that struck an individual, such as rape. Others hear about the game, perceive the suffering of the victims, and must cope with the implications. Naturally, it holds also true for events that struck a large group of people. For instance, a disaster undermines the social fabric of a community. It can lead to the dissolution of social networks and forced or voluntary migration. Regarding the health care system, it can lead to a disruption of the provision of social services and an erosion of the health care infrastructure.
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On the other hand, the social environment can stimulate recovery after trauma. The perception of social support is an influential factor for the effects of traumatic events on the individual as well as the community. For instance, studies undertaken after disasters have shown that social support had a significant stress-buffering effect on post-traumatic problems. Furthermore, a comprehensive meta-analysis has shown that lack of social support systems and lack of sharing of emotions are substantial risk factors for mental health disturbances.
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The finding that most people confronted with extreme life events did not develop disturbances like PTSD created interest in the phenomenon of resilience. This concept has been widely used in recent years in the scientific and clinical world. Resilience refers to a dynamic process involving positive adaptation to one’s circumstances in the face of significant adversity. Investigation of resistance can lead to useful avenues for intervention. The concept offers a different perspective on risk and protection. Focusing on what makes individuals durable rather than what makes them weak may aid in understanding what helps them to maintain their mental health.
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For public mental health initiatives, it is essential to realize, on the one hand, the significance of the resilience of people affected, but on the other hand, also the fact that disturbances can last for a very long period. Difficulties do not always disappear in time. Sometimes they may last for a very long time. Public health strategies are aimed at preventing or diminishing mental health problems and addressing the causes of these conditions. These strategies are active on multiple levels: individual, family, community, and society. Unfortunately, public health care of trauma is a somewhat underdeveloped area, especially in contrast to the field of treatment of trauma-related disorders, in particular PTSD. Psychotherapies of PTSD have been found successful.
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The increase in awareness through public health campaigns has been suggested for combatting child sexual abuse. Public health campaigns serve to help the identification of affected children and to facilitate the recognition of their difficulties by adults. Such services imply the awareness of the impact of traumatic experiences in diverse domains, the identification of signs and symptoms, the integration of knowledge about trauma in public health programs, and the prevention of re-traumatization for their users. In this respect, technology-based interventions can be advantageous. Mental health services should accompany such campaigns of awareness and recognition with adequate interventions for abused persons looking for care. Nevertheless, despite their positive aims and effects, at the same time, all these campaigns may have a downside: they can lead to complications, such as the risks of promoting an unnecessary victim status and medicalizing complaints of the affected persons, resulting in a reduction of the potential for spontaneous recovery.
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